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    Mighty Arms Helped Extinct Cats Keep a Mouthful of Fanged Teeth

    Sabertooth cats and other super-toothy predators apparently possessed mighty arms that they used to help them kill.

    The beefy arms would have served to pin down prey and protect the ferocious-looking teeth of the feline predators, which were actually fragile enough to fracture, scientists find.

    The finding also may hold for other knife-fanged prehistoric carnivores; long before sabertooth cats evolved, a number of now-extinct toothy hunters once roamed the Earth. These included the nimravids, or false sabertooth cats, which lived from 7 million to 42 million years ago alongside a sister group to cats known as barbourofelids, which lived from 5 million to 20 million years ago.

    "If you saw one of these animals you'd probably think it was a cat, but true cats didn't evolve until millions of years later," said researcher Julie Meachen-Samuels, a paleontologist at the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center in Durham, N.C.

    Nimravids and barbourofelids left no living descendants, but fossils revealed their fangs came in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Some were shorter and round, while others were longer and flattened. Some even were serrated like a steak knife, Meachen-Samuels said.

    Sabertooth cats had long fangs that looked formidable but were fragile compared with those of modern felines. The daggerlike teeth were more vulnerable to fracture.

    "Cats living today have canines that are shorter and round in cross-section, so they can withstand forces in all directions," Meachen-Samuels said. "This comes in handy for hunting — their teeth are better able to withstand the stress and strain of struggling prey without breaking."

    Previously, Meachen-Samuels and her colleagues found the sabertooth cat Smilodon fatalis had powerful forelimbs — stronger than those of any cat today.

    "Thick, robust bones are an indicator of forelimb strength," Meachen-Samuels said.

    The scientists conjectured these heavily muscled arms helped the cats to pin down prey while also protecting their fangs from fracturing as they bit into their struggling victims. As Meachen-Samuels analyzed the fossils of other toothy predators, she had a hunch they might have possessed beefy arms as well.

    "I started noticing this trend," she said.

    Meachen-Samuels measured the upper canines and arm bones of hundreds of museum specimens of extinct cats, nimravids and barbourofelids that once roamed North America. She also measured the teeth and arm bones of 13 cat species living today, such as the tiger, all of which have conical teeth. [Gallery: Tiger Species of the World]

    After comparing the dimensions of the teeth with those of the arms, Meachen-Samuels found something that was true for all the groups of predators: the longer the teeth, the thicker the arms. This discovery held up even after taking into account the fact that bigger species generally have bigger bones.

    This deadly combination presumably arose repeatedly in different toothy predators over time because it gave them an advantage when catching and killing prey.

    "The predators needed to hold prey down first before making a killing bite at the throat," Meachen-Samuels told LiveScience. "This mode of prey killing evolved several times independently in many lineages of carnivores, not just cats. It wasn't just saber teeth that evolved but an entire suite of prey-killing adaptations — forelimbs and teeth together."

    Meachen-Samuels added, "This killing mode was not uniquely limited to sabertooth cats, but extended into many other carnivores and possibly even some marsupials."

    The scientists detailed their findings in the Jan. 4 issue of the journal Paleobiology.

    Follow LiveScience for the latest in science news and discoveries on Twitter @livescience and on Facebook.

     

    49 comments

    • David  •  Portland, Oregon  •  4 mths ago
      Regardless of the semantics of 'arms', a very interesting discussion of a subject that has been seculated about for some time. I spent a summer at La Brea site years ago and wondered about those slim fragile teeth of Smilodon as killing weapons. They could be broken so easilty we found...not if the 'cat' had 40" "guns" holding down lunch....
      • bobkat 4 mths ago
        Smilodon, Homotherium, etc, were all true cats. The nimravids were a different thing.But they were probably all built simlarly; the bones seem to indicate that.
    • James B  •  Simi Valley, California  •  4 mths ago
      Someone below already mentioned it, but such teeth could have evolved to attract mates. Many things about our appearance are solely because those features have been good at attracting many, and the best mates. For example, take the feathers of a peacock. Their purpose is to attract mates. If they get too fanciful, then they hinder survival. A balance is struck and evolves over time.
      It would not be surprising for long fangs to be attractive to other cats for generations until they become so long as to be fragile to the point of liability. Co-evolving would be limbs to compensate and so on. That's how evolution works, in a nutshell.
    • AMCguy  •  Warren, Oregon  •  4 mths ago
      I think more important is the development of the neck. Look at the ridges on the skull and the size of the neck bones atlas and axis, combined with the ability to virtually, drop the lower jaw and swing the head like a pair of ice axes into a victim. Other cats reach out and grab, these guys took a heavy strike and swipe also they did not have retractile claws such that they cannot, lock their claws into a target but would need to use more active muscular effort to hold on. Not well designed for pursuit probably more of an ambush predator. The teeth are pretty sturdy but even a dog or an elephant can break a tooth but look at the edge on the teeth they are almost like a knife for cutting deep and damaging a victim, rather than trying to hold them down. A 6-8" deep slash should severely, damage organs on any thing under 3 tons. It might be easier to fatally wound prey then wait for them to fall. less chance of injury. Probably the technique of ancient mammoth hunters.

      Note that their were lions at the time of Smilodon and though the American big cat died off 10,000 years ago, they remained in parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, up to the present. Probably more adaptive to smaller and faster prey and their group hunting style is probably more efficient and safer. Man probably exterminated the European and most of the Asian lions.
    • JoeH  •  Bemidji, Minnesota  •  4 mths ago
      Cats had arms! Clams got legs!
      • Kerk 4 mths ago
        And now the secret is out!!!!
      • Just Sayin 4 mths ago
        A clam and a snail both have a foot.
      • David 4 mths ago
        'B.C.' Rules...great comic strip. ZOT ! Thank you Mr. Hart.
    • Centrist  •  4 mths ago
      They probably got the big fangs 'cause the women liked it that way.
      • James B 4 mths ago
        That's could well be true. There is plenty of evolution just to attract mates. As long as those attractions don't hinder survival (but increase reproductive chances), they carry on and improve the appearance/appeal of the animal until they become a liability.
    • Eric1  •  4 mths ago
      Yes, this has LONG been known. The powerful fore-quarters of the saber-toothed cats (not just 'the arms,' but the shoulders and chest as well) are all ideally suited to pinning prey so that the 'saber-teeth' can be employed to close both the windpipe and the jugular at the same time, thus killing large prey animals in a very short period of time with just one bite (compare this with the struggles a lion must put up with by clamping over the nose of a wildebeest or cape buffalo in concert with others biting the throat and pinning the animal as well). Altogether, a very efficient means of dispatching large prey that has evolved many times, and doubtless will evolve again (once we are gone, of course!).
    • mnemon  •  Long Beach, California  •  4 mths ago
      Those feline canines may have caused the demise of this species, since their value as trophies would have caused them to be misappropriated by the long forelimbs of ancient humans.
      • mnemon 4 mths ago
        By "this species," I only meant smilodon.
    • Glowby  •  Fox River Grove, Illinois  •  4 mths ago
      Funny how many folks are upset or indignant about them calling an arm an arm.
      Look it up. All 4-legged creatures have arms.
    • Frank  •  4 mths ago
      I am dreadfully tempted to joke about their "right to bare arms."
      • Mike 4 mths ago
        or "bear" arms
      • SisyphusSyzygy 4 mths ago
        Or arm bears
      • A Yahoo! User 4 mths ago
        They didn't have bear arms, they were cat relatives. :D
    • grandmaster  •  Providence, Rhode Island  •  4 mths ago
      sorrrry fooor the bbbaddd sppelinng......my paws ache.
    • mudducker  •  4 mths ago
      my dog has "fanged teeth" but skinny arms
    • JAMES  •  Phenix City, Alabama  •  4 mths ago
      So much for the "arms" and teeth. Anybody know how long their claws were? I have a big yellow tabby, about twenty pounds, and his claws are scary.
    • ChuckP  •  Aurora, Colorado  •  4 mths ago
      Seems like those teeth would get in the way while trying to eat smaller prey. Maybe they needed those arms to break them up into bite sized pieces.
    • Michael  •  4 mths ago
      "Mighty Arms Helped Extinct Cats Keep a Mouthful of Fanged Teeth'. It didn't do much to ensure their survival into the modern age though...
    • gary  •  4 mths ago
      Here Kitty
    • David  •  Doylestown, Pennsylvania  •  4 mths ago
      fanged teeth?is this a tooth with it's own set of teeth?cat's with arms?what do the hands look like?how many fingers?
    • Jerry  •  4 mths ago
      Could it be they also used the strenght of their arms to break things --like the prey's necks????? I seem to recall something about a mountaion lion could snap a cows neck. I know for a fact one drug a dead full grown cow under some low hanging tree branches (3 ft from ground to nearest branches) the cats foot prints were bigger than my hand
    • Another Man  •  4 mths ago
      ....and why would nature create a killing tool that is fragile and cumbersome extra weight which is counter effective in survival of the species? And yet they survived the hardship of disadvantages that resulted from it to leave an examinable and distinct fossil record. Elephants and walrus tusks often break as the animal ages, but still is durable enough to withstand the elements and labor of majority of its life time. If animal cannot re-grow the tool of its trade, so to say, it is doomed to go extinct, yielding to its more advantageous cousins. That is the basis of natural selection as classical Darwinian model tells us. But in reality, Nature, strangely enough, in the absence of natural predators tends to decorate its creations in most artistically extravagant ways, and it also experiments in a counter logical ways as well. An example of impracticality is this case with the saber tooth cats. Numerous fossil records indicate such evolutionary dead ends, and yet they invite a question on surprising scarcity of the fossilized species, while diversity is what you would expect. R. Sheldrake proposed an idea of morphogenetic fields, that retain the successful scenarios in some sort of a hyperspacial dimension and drive biological and informational complexity in an organized manner, based on step-wise refinement fashion - if something worked in the past, the successful principle will be employed again, not necessarily in the same area. This self organizing principle works great to explain a lot other strange ideas and phenomena, but fails to address why nature gravitates towards such self expression (mating dances, colored feathers, overall expressive nature of animals on this planet, so on..). If we to include a conscious observer in this scenario as the center piece of the entire equation, only then this idea begins to work and make sense. But then you have to assume the nature has artistically inclined, creative basis that sometimes is counter logical to the evolutionary process. And the idea of intentional creative force that detours the progress and preservation of species by so impacting the wholly grail principle of survival of the fittest, causes a lot of scientific academia to spit angry foam. But how can one ignore something so obvious? That there is a Gayan planetary mind (or call it an intelligent intent, if you will) guiding this gene swarming flow in an organized and beautiful way.
    • Independent Mindset  •  Tampa, Florida  •  4 mths ago
      Pardon me but nimravids did not live from 7 million to 42 million years ago. They lived from 42 million until 7 million years ago. The distinction is important because we are moving forward in time...not backward. It is our educational system that is moving backwards as evidenced by the writer and editor of this article.
    • mnemon  •  Long Beach, California  •  4 mths ago
      Funny, so many are up in arms about "arms," but "fanged teeth" are getting a pass. What's up with that?
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