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    NASA Spacecraft Lifts Veil on Universe's Brightest Explosions

    VANCOUVER, British Columbia — Astronomers are closer than ever to understanding the brightest explosions in the sky thanks to a NASA space telescope that sees the most energetic kind of light.

    These bright flashes are gamma-ray bursts, and they occur when a big star dies and collapses in on itself to become an incredibly dense, incredibly small ball of matter called a black hole. As the star falls in, it expels its outer layer in a supernova, resulting in a bright release of light outward in all directions.

    But sometimes an even brighter flash of light comes when the black hole, which is rotating very fast, sucks in matter and releases a thin jet of high-energy, high-speed radiation.

    "The black hole is rotating rapidly and as it is swallowing the matter from the star, the rotation ejects a jet of material through the supernova envelope," Pennsylvania State University astronomer Péter Mészáros said today (Feb. 18) here at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. [Photos: Black Holes of the Universe]

    This gamma-ray burst temporarily becomes the most luminous thing in the universe.

    To spot these brief spectacles, astronomers are taking advantage of the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, which was launched in 2008 on a mission to observe gamma rays, the highest-energy form of light.

    "Fermi is lucky to measure the highest energy portion of the gamma-ray burst emission, which last for hundreds to thousands of seconds — maybe 20 minutes," Mészáros said in a statement.

    And these jets of radiation move extremely fast, basically at the speed of light, which is generally thought to represent the ultimate cosmic speed limit. However, researchers would like to know the jets' speeds more precisely to further refine theory theories.

    "Fermi has done much better in measuring how close to the speed of light the jet gets," Mészáros said. "But we still don't know if it is 99.9995 percent the speed of light or 99.99995 percent the speed of light."

    Though astronomers have a general handle on what causes a gamma-ray burst, many aspects of the process are shrouded in mystery. One particularly thorny aspect comes from the fact that the explosions, and the black holes at the heart of them, involve extremely large masses and very tiny spaces.

    Scientists use two theories to understand these realms. Einstein's general theory of relativity covers things that are very large, such as huge masses. And the theory of quantum mechanics reigns over things that are very small, such as tiny dimensions. However, these two theories are incompatible with each other, and scientists don't know how to reconcile them.

    "We have been able to rule out the simplest version of theories which combine quantum mechanics with gravity, although others remain to be tested," Mészáros said.

    The researchers hope that with more observational data from Fermi and other instruments, they will be better able to refine the theories that describe gamma-ray bursts and other extreme occurrences in the universe.

    You can follow SPACE.com assistant managing editor Clara Moskowitz on Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz. Follow SPACE.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.

     

    43 comments

    • Death  •  Toronto, Canada  •  3 mths ago
      For people who genuinely want to know, these gamma ray bursts happen before the matter enters the blackhole. They are basically sucked in spirals that get hotter and hotter as matter is more squeezed together before they pass the blackhole's event horizon. The magnetic field properties of the backhole cause the burst to be directed and focused on specific directions.
      But on a different note entirely seperate from this article blackholes do radiate and eventually evaporate, but for that check Wikipedia for "Hawking Radiation".
      • cantdrive85 3 mths ago
        Parroting the standard theory doesn't equate to intelligence, just parroting.
      • A.A. 3 mths ago
        Maybe you should have written this article. This guy makes it all seem like its some sort of mysterious star-fairy magic.
      • Julie 3 mths ago
        Da-n, You people are scary. I feel so ignorant. Do you get head aches with all that information bouncing around in your head? I am amazed , those old commercials about the mind being a terrible thing to waste, well dudes you aren't wasting yours!
    • John  •  3 mths ago
      Oh here some the trolls saying to shut down NASA. They have no idea what NASA has and continues to do for everyone.
      NASA funding should be increased. They have done a LOT of good for everyone and continue to help advance science and develop new products that people use EVERYDAY.
      Just think about everything that comes from a satellite. Without NASA, we would not have those.
      • buggrthat 3 mths ago
        The far right pinheads want to shut NASA down because they hate science. Science inevitably leads to facts, and pinheads really hate facts. Facts go against everything they believe, Creationism, global warming is a hoax, trickle down economics, etc.
      • Norman 3 mths ago
        Most of what NASA has produced in the way of new products, was produced under contract from and by companies for NASA. That being said shouldn't NASA own the patent rights to products developed under its aegis and funds. If NASA were getting royalties on the new products discovered, and produced from its contracts and funding we wouldn't have to keep funding it out of our tax dollars. An engineer working for GE who comes up with a new product, GE owns the right to that product because GE paid his wages and provided him the wherewithal and facilities to come up with his new product. Shouldn't NASA have the same rights as GE. NASA buys a lot of products that IBM or GE or Microsoft developed on their own. But it also contracts a lot of research at universities and companies which should be proprietary property of NASA. When a company markets and sells something made under contract for NASA shouldn't the American people be getting repaid in royalties on the sale of those products. Such a policy would end the need for constant bickering about the cost of NASA on the budget. The Post Office has to pay its way, why shouldn't NASA provide much of its own funding.
    • mike  •  Los Angeles, California  •  3 mths ago
      HST In The News..Astronomers have had pictures of colliding galaxies for quite some time now, but with the vastly improved resolution provided by the Hubble Space Telescope, you can actually see lawyers rushing to the scene...
    • freelobster  •  3 mths ago
      Hey black hole, please do us a favor by swallowing all these stupid commentators on yahoo boards.
      • cantdrive85 3 mths ago
        Being that black holes only exist in the minds of men, it then make sense that only those who believe the theory be swallowed. Sounds good to me.
      • cantdrive85 3 mths ago
        A democratic consensus among metaphysicists does not imply proof of anything.
      • Jeffrey 3 mths ago
        Yawn, C85. Extolling your ignorance as wisdom with smug arrogance hardly substitutes for painstaking theories based on and attempting to understand actual OBSERVATIONS.
        Cygnus X1-the mass interpolations of galactic cores based on Kepler's laws confirmed over centuries and the OBSERVATIONS of everything from Quasars to near luminal jets thousands of light years long show that you're a FOOL.
    • chuck r  •  3 mths ago
      Question for the physics crowd here. I've read that if a nearby star were to go super nova the radiation would kill everything on earth. What kind of distance are we taking about for this to happen? Thanks.
      • OZZY 3 mths ago
        The only nearby star is the sun, and yes, that would destroy the Earth. The next nearest is alpha proxima, more than 6 light years away, too far to desrtroy the Earth. If it exploded right now, we would`nt know about it for 6 years or more.
      • Qwickdraw 3 mths ago
        alpha proxima is closer to 4 LY away and it is easily close enough to destroy all life on Earth with cosmic radiation.
      • Qwickdraw 3 mths ago
        Ozzy, do you even have a HS diploma?
        T Pyxidis is but 3,260 light-years away from us -- a neighbor by cosmic standards and much closer than previously thought -- that kind of epic explosion would not be good for the stellar neighborhood. The Gamma radiation that would reach Earth would be equivalent to 1,000 simultaneous solar flares bombarding the planet.
    • Qwickdraw  •  3 mths ago
      Do some research into the holographic universe theory being proposed by some of the most brilliant theoretical physicists alive. It attempts to explain that we are in essence a 3D projection of a 2D information boundary. Its concept was devised from the notion that matter falling into a black hole cannot loose its information and that the information is actually imprinted on the disk and information is conserved in the quantum sense

      "The holographic principle was inspired by black hole thermodynamics, which implies that the maximal entropy in any region scales with the radius squared, and not cubed as might be expected. In the case of a black hole, the insight was that the informational content of all the objects which have fallen into the hole can be entirely contained in surface fluctuations of the event horizon. The holographic principle resolves the black hole information paradox within the framework of string theory."
      • Charles 3 mths ago
        "It attempts to explain that we are in essence a 3D projection of a 2D information boundary." That would apply if the universe we are in is a black hole or something similar. It's fun to think about the philosophy based on quantum mechanics and other theories but it's necessary to keep an open mind about that stuff. It get very strange and we are a long way from proving or disproving any of it.
      • Norman 3 mths ago
        I can prove that two and two equals five or minus three if I had a large enough blackboard and you give me the right to invent my own mathematical signs and if I don't run out of chalk before you fall asleep. The only brilliance I see from a passel of scientific geniuses is there ability to fool so many people into thinking that they've actually created some of the weird and exotic pheomena of their minds into concrete mathematical formulas and foisted them off on an unsuspecting populace. A black hole has a time signature, according to them of near zero, yet just outside the event horizon stars are orbiting the black hole at millions of miles per hour and that is the proof that proves there is, by God, a black hole, we just can't see it, the event horizon either but you can't have an event horizon without a black hole, its just not cricket.
      • cantdrive85 3 mths ago
        Time well wasted.
    • Qwickdraw  •  3 mths ago
      Here is one for you, because information cannot be destroyed what happens to the information that falls on the event horizon? Is it destroyed? preserved? recreated by a spontanious particle being created outside of the black hole?
    • Nic  •  3 mths ago
      It's been understood that in a black hole, gravity is so strong that not even light can escape, then how can light shoot out of it, if it can't escape, unless this is Pre event horizon???
    • Jose t.  •  3 mths ago
      If it was'nt for NASA men would have never gone to the moon or send probes to explore
      other planets like Mars!......ONE SMALL STEP FOR MAN,ONE GIANT LEAP FOR
      MANKIND!
    • Centrist  •  3 mths ago
      The spin of the black hole should twist a combination of extremely intense magnetic and gravitational waves into very tight and dense coils. The emissions would be beacons, perhaps laser-like, from both poles. So this will prove very interesting, e.g. what happens to time there? What happens when the magnetic lines become over-tight ... do they snap? And gravity?
    • the old red neck  •  Pyeongtaek-Si, South Korea  •  3 mths ago
      now that is some wild wacky stuff what do you think Ed?
    • oilfieldworker  •  3 mths ago
      It's fast okay?
    • Maurice  •  3 mths ago
      Maybe black holes just break down the matter into the energy that formed it, but I cannot believe that it isn't sent somewhere else, or something like that. ALL that stuff being sucked into the black hole never goes anywhere?
    • Lou  •  Gainesville, Florida  •  3 mths ago
      If somebody knows please do post it, I for one would like to know if there is a possible correlation. Studying the transistors barrier might save a lot of telescope money and the answer to everything might just be under our thumb. It could be 22.
    • Brett  •  Lincoln, Nebraska  •  3 mths ago
      "to further refine theory theories." good one....
    • zzz_is_me  •  San Jose, California  •  3 mths ago
      We need only to look at earth, the core is a magnet, that's what a black hole is.
      they have + and - polls, a magnet will cling to another magnet, but flip one over, and they push against each other.
      A black Hole isn't eating anything, is is crushing everything to the point where it can't hold it, then just as in the magnet flip test it ejects atoms outward into interstellar space feeding the The Universe.
    • Ian  •  Astoria, Oregon  •  3 mths ago
      Where's da pitchers?
    • cantdrive85  •  Denver, Colorado  •  3 mths ago
      Gamma-ray bursts are more likely the results of synchotron radiation, caused by high energy electrical discharge events. The collimated jet and the resultant EM radiation associated with it described in the article is also a result of EM forces. The fact that two of the main theories used to describe these realms are incompatible should be a red flag to the viability to one or both theories. Maybe a unifying theory such as Electromagnetism should be given more recognition.
    • Steve  •  3 mths ago
      Since the theory of black holes was introduced, the one constant has been that "Nothing escapes a black hole, not even light". Now, nearly every article published that even mentions black holes also includes the theory that this is being ejected from a black hole or that's escaping or leaking from a black hole. I wish these people would make up their minds (or at least admit they don't have a clue what's going on out there)!
    • Ridge walking  •  3 mths ago
      So matter is drawn into the Black Hole and does not exit again somewhere else, Instead it is released as a beam of light or energy?
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