The U.S. economy added 171,000 jobs in October, more than September's upwardly revised gain of 148,000. Yet the unemployment rate rose to 7.9 percent from 7.8 percent.
Why did the rate rise at the same time that hiring has picked up?
Because the government does one survey to learn how many jobs were created and another survey to determine the unemployment rate. Those surveys can produce results that sometimes conflict.
One is called the payroll survey. It asks mostly large companies and government agencies how many people they employed during the month. This survey produces the number of jobs gained or lost. In October, the payroll survey showed that companies added 184,000 jobs, and federal, state and local governments shed 13,000.
The other is the household survey. Government workers ask whether the adults in a household have a job. Those who don't are asked whether they're looking for one. If they are, they're considered unemployed. If they aren't, they're not considered part of the work force and aren't counted as unemployed. The household survey produces each month's unemployment rate.
In October, the household survey showed that the number of people who said they were either working or looking for work rose 578,000. Of that total, 410,000 said they found work, but about 170,000 did not. That increase in the number of unemployed pushed up the unemployment rate.
Unlike the payroll survey, the household survey captures farm workers, the self-employed and people who work for new companies. It also does a better job of capturing hiring by small businesses.
But the household survey is more volatile from month to month. The Labor Department surveys just 60,000 households, a small fraction of the more than 100 million U.S. households.
By contrast, the payroll survey seeks information from 140,000 companies and government agencies — and they employ roughly one-third of non-farm employees. The employers send forms to the Labor Department or fill out online surveys noting how many people they employ. They also provide wages, hours and other details.
Most Americans focus more on the unemployment rate, which comes from the household survey. But economists generally prefer the jobs figure from the payroll survey.
Economists note that the surveys tend to even out over time. Since the recession ended in June 2009, the payroll surveys have shown that employers added 3.25 million jobs. The household surveys have shown that 3.21 million more people said they found work.
