Chagos Islands: isolated UK and US face thrashing in UN vote on ownership
The UK and US are facing a diplomatic rout at the United Nations on Wednesday when the general assembly is expected to vote overwhelmingly to demand Britain relinquish hold of one of the last vestiges of empire in the Indian Ocean.
Both countries have lobbied intensely at the UN to avoid support for Britain dropping to single figures among the UN’s 193 member states on the issue of its continued possession of the Chagos Islands, known as the British Indian Ocean Territory.
The archipelago is the site of the US military base in Diego Garcia, used by bombers on long-range missions and, in the past, for rendition flights carrying terrorism suspects.
The general assembly vote follows an advisory opinion issued by the international court of justice (ICJ) in February that UK should hand over control to Mauritius, which claims sovereignty over the islands.
London and Washington are trying to persuade allies to at least abstain, so as to prevent support for Mauritius reaching triple figures. The Mauritian mission to the UN believes it has reached that threshold, winning pledges of backing from more than 100 member states.
Related: Chagos Islanders remind us that Britain is a shameful coloniser, not a colony | Afua Hirsch
Such a lopsided defeat would also serve to underline British isolation in a battle that many UN member states, particularly in Africa, see as a last stand to preserve a relic of empire, and at a time at a time when its European Union allies, dismayed by Brexit, are no longer automatically offering support.
It would also reflect the diminishing persuasive power of the US, which campaigned vigorously for the UK cause. Last week it took the unusual step of hosting a reception for the UK, attended by more than 60 member states, to allow British and American diplomats to put their arguments directly.
The Mauritian ambassador to the UN, Jagdish Koonjul, predicted that the lobbying effort would fall flat, and that much of Europe would either abstain or vote with Mauritius.
“I expect a number of European countries to stand up for the rule of law and show they value and respect the institutions member states have themselves created,” Koonjul said on Monday evening.
Britain took possession of the Chagos archipelago in 1814 and held on to the islands after Mauritian independence in 1968, allegedly through coercive pressure on independence leaders. Three years earlier the UK had secretly leased one of the islands, Diego Garcia, to the US to use as a military base.
The people of the islands, the Chagossians, were forcibly evicted and have been campaigning for their return for decades.
The ICJ advisory opinion in February stated the decolonisation of Mauritius was not lawfully completed because the islands were split off from the territory three years before independence, and declared “the UK is under an obligation to bring to an end its administration of the Chagos archipelago as rapidly as possible”.
(January 1, 1793) France establishes colony
Diego Garcia is made home to a French colony using slave labour on plantations
(May 30, 1814) Britain takes control
Mauritius and the Chagos Islands are ceded to Britain at the end of the Napoleonic Wars in the Treaty of Paris
(November 8, 1965) Becomes part of British Indian Ocean Territory
Before independence is granted to Mauritius, the UK separates the Chagos archipelago from Mauritius, creating British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
(January 1, 1966) Military deal with US
Britain allows the US to use the largest island, Diego Garcia, as a military base in exchange for a discount on the purchase of Polaris missiles.
(January 1, 1971) Expulsions begin
Forced expulsion of around 1,500 Chagossians begin as access to food supplies is restricted. Most are moved to Mauritius or the Seychelles.
(January 1, 1978) Compensation is offered
Chagossian refugees in Mauritius were paid compensation, and more offers followed contingent on them signing agreements not to return to their homes.
(January 1, 2002) Resettlement to the UK
British passports are granted to some Chagossians. Many move from Mauritius to Crawley. A UK government feasibility study into resettlement concludes it would be expensive and difficult.
(December 3, 2010) Wikileaks revelations
A Marine Protected Area is established around the Chagos Islands. Documents published by Wikileaks show a UK diplomat saying that “establishing a marine park would, in effect, put paid to resettlement claims of the archipelago’s former residents”.
(February 25, 2019) Government actions ruled illegal
International Court of Justice rules that the agreement to separate the Chagos Islands from Mauritius in 1965 prior to decolonisation was unlawful.
(May 22, 2019) UN defeat for the UK
The United Nations general assembly overwhelmingly backs a motion condemning Britain’s occupation of the islands. The vote, which left the UK diplomatically isolated, set a six-month deadline for the UK to withdraw from the archipelago and for it to be reunified with neighbouring Mauritius.
The Mauritian-drafted resolution that will be voted on at the general assembly on Wednesday calls for the ICJ opinion to be upheld and for the UK to give up control within six months and cooperate in the resettlement of the Chagossians and other Mauritian nationals.
It calls on UN and its agencies “to recognise that the Chagos archipelago forms an integral part of the territory of Mauritius”.
The UK has said it will not abide by the ICJ ruling, arguing that bilateral disputes should not be presented to the court without the consent of both parties. It also insists that the base at Diego Garcia serves as an essential hub for global stability, used in operations against terrorism.
Mauritius has offered a long-term lease on the base but the US and UK have rejected the offer, arguing it does not exclude a Mauritian veto on future military operations and the leasing of outer atolls to other powers, in particular China.
“This case represents a potentially dangerous precedent for all UN member states, as it could normalise the practice of litigating bilateral disputes through UN general assembly advisory opinion requests, even when a state directly involved has not consented to the jurisdiction of the ICJ,” the US mission said in a statement, which pointed to the “joint US-UK military base on Diego Garcia in the maintenance of regional and international peace and security”.
Successive, humiliating votes to refer the UK’s territorial claim to the ICJ and in 2017 to deny Britain a judge on the court also reflect growing resentment of the UK’s permanent position on the security council.
Professor Philippe Sands QC, who represents Mauritius at the ICJ in The Hague said: “On the day the foreign secretary announces the appointment of a human rights ambassador, his department leads the charge at the UN general assembly to oppose a resolution affirming the right of self-determination, ending British colonialism and upholding the ICJ and the rule of law. A sad day for an isolated, lawless, colonial Britain.”
Richard Gowan, the UN director for the International Crisis Group, warned against interpreting Wednesday’s vote as a sign of a general collapse in UK diplomatic influence.
“On the whole UK diplomacy at the UN has been quite good on a number of issues,” Gowan said. “But the colonial legacy resonates so deeply at the general assembly, there is very little even the smartest US or UK diplomacy can do about it.”
Earlier this month the Labour leader, Jeremy Corbyn, wrote to the prime minister, Theresa May, condemning her decision to defy the ruling of the UN’s principal court, which concluded that Britain should hand back the Chagos Islands to Mauritius.
His letter accused her of disregarding international law and the right of exiled islanders to return to their homeland. The unusual intervention, suggesting that a future UK administration could switch policy, further undermines UK efforts to persuade its allies of the justice of its cause.
