On This Day, Dec. 2: Monroe Doctrine proclaimed in State of the Union

On December 2, 1823, during his annual address to the U.S. Congress, President James Monroe, pictured here in ca. 1820-22, proclaimed a new U.S. foreign policy initiative that became known as the "Monroe Doctrine." Image by Gilbert Stuart/Metropolitan Museum of Art/Wikimedia
On December 2, 1823, during his annual address to the U.S. Congress, President James Monroe, pictured here in ca. 1820-22, proclaimed a new U.S. foreign policy initiative that became known as the "Monroe Doctrine." Image by Gilbert Stuart/Metropolitan Museum of Art/Wikimedia
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Dec. 2 (UPI) -- On this date in history:

In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself emperor of France.

In 1823, during his annual address to the U.S. Congress, President James Monroe proclaimed a new U.S. foreign policy initiative that became known as the "Monroe Doctrine."

In 1859, abolitionist John Brown was hanged for his raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, W.Va.

In 1927, the Model A Ford was introduced as the successor to the Model T. The price of a Model A roadster was $395.

Participants hold candles at a vigil December 5, 2016, by Oakland's Lake Merritt for victims of the Ghost Ship fire in Oakland, Calif., on December 2, 2016. File Photo by Khaled Sayed/UPI
Participants hold candles at a vigil December 5, 2016, by Oakland's Lake Merritt for victims of the Ghost Ship fire in Oakland, Calif., on December 2, 2016. File Photo by Khaled Sayed/UPI

In 1942, the Atomic Age was born when scientists demonstrated the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction at a laboratory below the stands at the University of Chicago football stadium.

In 1954, the U.S. Senate voted 65-22 to condemn Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy, R-Wis., for conduct unbecoming a senator. The condemnation, which was equivalent to a censure, related to McCarthy's controversial investigation of alleged communists in the U.S. government, military and civilian society.

Environmental Protection Agency Administrator William Ruckelshaus (L) meets with underwater explorer Jacques Cousteau on December 7, 1983. The EPA was formed December 2, 1970. File Photo by Don Rypka/UPI
Environmental Protection Agency Administrator William Ruckelshaus (L) meets with underwater explorer Jacques Cousteau on December 7, 1983. The EPA was formed December 2, 1970. File Photo by Don Rypka/UPI

In 1961, Fidel Castro disclosed he was a communist, acknowledging he concealed the fact until he solidified his hold on Cuba.

UPI File Photo
UPI File Photo
On December 2, 1993, Colombian drug trafficker Pablo Escobar was killed in a shootout with police and soldiers in the Colombian city of Medellin. File Photo courtesy of Colombian National Police
On December 2, 1993, Colombian drug trafficker Pablo Escobar was killed in a shootout with police and soldiers in the Colombian city of Medellin. File Photo courtesy of Colombian National Police

In 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency was formed with Indianapolis lawyer William Ruckelshaus as its administrator.

In 1980, President Jimmy Carter signed the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, establishing, among other things, the Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, the Katmai National Park and Preserve, Kenai Fjords National Park, Kobuk Valley National Park, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, and Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve.

On December 2, 1927, the Model A Ford was introduced as the successor to the Model T. The price of a Model A roadster was $395. File Photo by Richard Smith/Flickr
On December 2, 1927, the Model A Ford was introduced as the successor to the Model T. The price of a Model A roadster was $395. File Photo by Richard Smith/Flickr

In 1982, retired dentist Barney Clark, 62, became the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart. He survived 112 days.

In 1993, Colombian drug trafficker Pablo Escobar was killed in a shootout with police and soldiers in the Colombian city of Medellin.

On December 2, 2001, U.S. forces in Afghanistan captured John Walker Lindh, 20, a U.S. citizen from San Anselmo, Calif., found fighting with the Taliban. File Photo courtesy Alexandria County Sheriff's Department
On December 2, 2001, U.S. forces in Afghanistan captured John Walker Lindh, 20, a U.S. citizen from San Anselmo, Calif., found fighting with the Taliban. File Photo courtesy Alexandria County Sheriff's Department

In 2001, U.S. forces in Afghanistan captured John Walker Lindh, 20, a U.S. citizen from San Anselmo, Calif., found fighting with the Taliban.

In 2001, energy company Enron filed for bankruptcy, sparking one of the biggest corporate scandals in U.S. history. The Houston-based company was found to have fraudulent accounting practices.

Pierre-Jean Chalencon places the famous hat worn by Napoleon Bonaparte onto a stand. On December 2, 1804, Napoleon crowned himself emperor of France. File Photo by Bill Greenblatt/UPI
Pierre-Jean Chalencon places the famous hat worn by Napoleon Bonaparte onto a stand. On December 2, 1804, Napoleon crowned himself emperor of France. File Photo by Bill Greenblatt/UPI
Former Enron CEO Ken Lay listens to a Senate Committee hearing on the down fall of the Enron energy company on February 12, 2002. File Photo by Michael Kleinfeld/UPI
Former Enron CEO Ken Lay listens to a Senate Committee hearing on the down fall of the Enron energy company on February 12, 2002. File Photo by Michael Kleinfeld/UPI

In 2015, Syed Farook and his wife Tashfeen Malik, attacked a social services facility in Southern California killing 14 before leading police in a running gun battle in which they were killed.

On December 2, 2015, Syed Farook and his wife Tashfeen Malik, attacked a social services facility in Southern California killing 14 before leading police in a running gun battle in which they were killed. File Photo by Jim Ruymen/UPI
On December 2, 2015, Syed Farook and his wife Tashfeen Malik, attacked a social services facility in Southern California killing 14 before leading police in a running gun battle in which they were killed. File Photo by Jim Ruymen/UPI

In 2016, a fire broke out an Oakland, Calif., warehouse killing 36 people. The Ghost Ship warehouse, which was being used for artist studios and dwellings, was hosting a concert at the time of the fire.

In 2020, Britain became the first Western nation to approve a COVID-19 vaccine, one developed by Pfizer and BioNTech.

File Photo by Andy Rain/EPA-EFE
File Photo by Andy Rain/EPA-EFE