Excise taxes apply to specific goods and services. Businesses that make or sell chosen goods and services collect most of these taxes. As a consumer, you generally won’t get a bill for excise tax. But if you purchase a taxed good or service you’ll pay it nonetheless, as businesses include cost of the tax in the prices they charge.

Excise Taxes Explained

Federal, state or local taxing authorities impose excise taxes. While consumers don’t usually see excise taxes, governments charge them directly to individuals. For instance, telephone bills often have line items for the 3% federal excise taxed charged on local telephone service. Receipts for automobile tires may also indicate excise tax paid on the purchase.

Sales taxes and excise taxes are similar, yet distinct. Like sales taxes, excise taxes are often paid when a transaction occurs. As a result, the may be based on the value of the transaction. Unlike sales taxes, excise taxes only apply to specific items or services. Sales taxes generally apply to all transactions, with limited exceptions.

Also, excise taxes may not require a transaction. Likewise, they may be applied as a specific amount per item rather than as a percentage of the selling price. Excise taxes may go by other names, such as selective sales taxes or differential commodity taxes.

Major Excise Taxes

The list of items subject to federal excise taxes is not long, but covers some sizable expense categories for both businesses and consumers. The excise taxes that generate the biggest revenue at the federal level include fuel, airline tickets, tobacco, alcohol and health-related goods services.

Here are some of the items and activities bearing federal excise taxez:

• Alcohol

• Boat motors

• Firearms

• Fishing gear

• Foreign insurance

• Gasoline

• Jet fuel

• Tanning salons

• Telephone service

• Tickets for air travel and cruises

• Tobacco

• Wagers

Sin Taxes

Products and services that governments wish to discourage or limit face excise taxes. These include tobacco, alcohol, firearms and gambling. Excise taxes levied for this purpose are often called “sin taxes.”

Similarly, governments use excise taxes to help cover costs related to the taxed item. For example, excise taxes on gasoline help pay for new highway construction.

Other excise taxes fund activities that benefit society. For instance, a federal excise tax paid by makers of archery, fishing and boating products helps pay for wildlife conservation and management.

Excise Taxes Consumers Pay Directly

Excise taxes are typically stealthy taxes that consumers don’t realize they’re paying. Sometimes, however, consumers pay excise taxes directly. Fore example, bills for telephone services and tires include line items for excise tax..

The Internal Revenue Service sometimes makes individual retirement savers pay what it calls excise taxes but are more popularly known as penalties. Those include a 6% tax for contributing more than is allowed. Also, there’s a 10% tax on withdrawals from IRAs and other retirement accounts before age 59 1/2.

Local and state governments collect excise taxes on real estate, vehicles and other assets from individual property owners. These taxes, like IRS retirement account penalties, are more commonly known by another name. In this case, they’re usually called property taxes.

Excise Tax History

Even in its early history, the United States collected excise taxes. Congress taxed alcohol, tobacco and sugar during the early days of the republic. The IRS and Congress abolished and reinstate excise taxes on whiskey and other goods at various times. They’re still tinkering with the excise tax system today.

For instance, the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act exempted some payments made by owners and lessors of privately owned airplanes from federal excise tax. And after a 2018 Supreme Court ruling repealed the federal sports gambling ban the IRS emphasized that sports wagers, like other bets, are subject to federal excise taxation.

Today excise taxes are a small part of federal tax receipts. In 2017, they were $83.8 billion or 2.5% of federal tax collections.

Calculating Excise Tax

There are two main ways of calculating excise taxes: as a percentage of value or as a fixed amount.

The percentage of value approach, also known as ad valorem, pegs the tax as a percentage of the amount of the transaction or value of the property. For example, starting in 2010 with the Affordable Care Act indoor tanning services have to pay 10 percent of fees collected for tanning service as an excise tax.

The other way to calculate excise taxes is as a fixed amount per item. Tobacco and gasoline have fixed excise taxes. The federal gasoline excise tax is 18.4 cents per gallon, regardless of the price.

The Bottom Line

Federal, state and local governments collect excise taxes on specific classes of goods and services. Products seen as having high social costs, such as alcohol and cigarettes, typically face excise taxes. Taxpayers typically don’t see excise taxes, as manufacturers and sellers build them into their pricing.

Tax Tips

• If you aren’t sure how excise taxes affect your bottom line, consider discussing it with a financial advisor. Finding the right financial advisor that fits your needs doesn’t have to be hard. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with financial advisors in your area in 5 minutes. If you’re ready to be matched with local advisors that will help you achieve your financial goals, get started now.

• Excise taxes are harder to manage than income taxes. However, savvy retirement savers can at least avoid hefty IRS excise taxes on retirement accounts by not making excess contributions or early withdrawals.

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