Factbox-Congress struggles over U.S. debt ceiling as deadline looms

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Democrats and Republicans in the U.S. Senate blame each other for failing to move forward so far on a temporary suspension of the $28.4 trillion debt ceiling, in a political game of "chicken" with potentially dire economic consequences.

The U.S. Treasury will exhaust its borrowing authority by Oct. 18 unless the debt limit is raised, raising the danger of a default on the federal debt.

After a failed Senate https://www.reuters.com/world/us/moment-truth-us-congress-government-funding-debt-biden-agenda-2021-09-27effort to temporarily suspend the debt ceiling and avoid a government shutdown after the federal fiscal year ends on Thursday, Democrats are working on separate measures https://www.reuters.com/world/us/clock-ticking-us-congress-friday-government-shutdown-looms-2021-09-29 to address the borrowing limit and keep federal agencies operating.

While a government funding measure would likely have broad bipartisan support, a stand-alone debt ceiling measure could still fail in the face of Senate Republican opposition.

WHOSE SPENDING IS IT ANYWAY?

Democratic Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and Republican leader Mitch McConnell have jousted repeatedly about whether debt has hit the limit due to President Joe Biden's agenda or initiatives undertaken during former President Donald Trump's term, including sweeping tax cuts enacted in 2017.

The truth is that both parties have contributed to the run-up in debt over the past few years. The tax cuts passed by a Republican-controlled Congress early in Trump's presidency added about $1.8 trillion to the nation's debt, according to Moody's Analytics. Both parties last year agreed to pass about $3 trillion in spending meant to address the COVID-19 pandemic. And Biden's Democrats early this year pushed through another round of coronavirus relief worth about $1.9 trillion.

CATASTROPHIC CONSEQUENCES

A grim fate could be in store for the U.S. economy if the impasse leads to default. The government relies on continued borrowing to pay interest on its existing debt, and without authority to borrow more, the Treasury could default.

A recent report by Moody's Analytics warns of a nearly 4% decline in economic activity, the loss of almost 6 million jobs, an unemployment rate of close to 9%, a sell-off in stocks that could wipe out $15 trillion in household wealth and a spike in interest rates on mortgages, consumer loans and business debts.

Mindful of those risks, McConnell has said that while he does believe the debt ceiling should be raised, the responsibility for doing so lies wholly with Schumer and the Democrats. Schumer has accused McConnell of political "sophistry" and warned that Republicans could become the "party of default" if worse comes to worse.

A RETURN TO 2011?

In 2011, months of partisan brinkmanship over the debt ceiling prompted Standard & Poor's Corp to downgrade the U.S. government credit rating for the first time in history.

An unsettled stock market saw its worst week since the 2008 financial crisis and the cost of debt rose as investors fled the U.S. Treasury bond market. In the end, Congress agreed to raise what was then a $16 trillion debt limit hours before a deadline set by the Treasury.

OTHER SUSPENSIONS

The debt ceiling, originally intended to impose fiscal discipline on lawmakers, has been changed by Congress 98 times since the end of World War Two and 17 times since 2001, according to the Congressional Research Service.

Most of the increases have been free of drama. But crisis erupted in 2013, when Republicans opposed raising the ceiling in a bid to undermine former President Barack Obama's signature Affordable Care Act. That caused Fitch Ratings to place the U.S. government on a negative rating watch.

The most recent debt limit suspension occurred in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019, which suspended the limit until Aug. 1, 2021.

(Reporting by David Morgan; additional reporting by Richard Cowan; Editing by Scott Malone, Cynthia Osterman and Jonathan Oatis)