Judge finds Cosper's shooting of Amelia Baca constitutional. Here's what we know.
A federal judge found that Las Cruces Police Department Officer Jerad Cosper did not violate the U.S. Constitution when he killed 75-year-old Amelia Baca in April 2021.
The ruling came on Sept. 5 from Senior District Judge Robert Brack after Baca's family sued LCPD in federal court. The Baca family argued that Cosper violated Baca's 4th amendment rights to be free of excessive use of force when he killed her on Apr. 16, 2021.
The ruling has no official bearing on the state Attorney General's investigation and evaluation of Cosper's conduct. A spokesperson for the Attorney General told the Sun-News this week the investigation and determination was ongoing. The ruling also does not affect a separate lawsuit in state court. In that case, the City of Las Cruces settled with Baca's family for $2.75 million.
Cosper responded to Baca's home after Baca's daughter called the police, saying her mother was wielding two knives and threatening to kill her. Less than a minute after making contact with her, Cosper shot and killed Baca in front of her daughter and granddaughter.
During a news conference after that shooting, Baca's family confirmed to the media that a doctor had recently diagnosed Baca with a form of dementia. Baca's family believed that Baca was experiencing a mental health crisis when Cosper killed her.
62 Memorandum Opinion and Order (09.05.23) by Justin Garcia on Scribd
Those factors were relevant in Brack's determination that the shooting was constitutionally justified. Still, Brack pointed to two tests that federal judges rely on to determine if a shooting was constitutional. Brack outlined his reasoning in a 27-page opinion obtained by the Sun-News.
The tests are meant to question whether the officer's decision to use force was reasonable and stems from a 1989 U.S. Supreme Court case called Graham v. Connor and a Tenth Circuit case called Thomson v. Salt Lake City. Both rulings created tests that judges use to determine the reasonableness of using force.
The Graham test requires judges to consider the severity of the crime, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether the suspect is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.
The Tenth Circuit test includes whether the officers ordered the suspect to drop their weapon and the suspect's compliance with police commands; whether any hostile motions were made with the weapon towards the officers; the distance separating the officers and the suspect; and the suspect's state of mind (called manifest intention.)
Those two tests then lead the judge to two questions: was Cosper's use of force excessive? And, if so, is he entitled to qualified immunity, a legal doctrine created by precedent that protects police officers from liability unless they've violated "a clearly established law"?
Brack found Cosper did not use excessive force in this case, making the second question less relevant, although Brack also said "Cosper is entitled to qualified immunity."
"Although the determination of whether Cosper used excessive force is a close one, the Court finds that Cosper did not use excessive force when he shot Baca," Brack said. "The Court further finds that Cosper did not unreasonably escalate the situation."
Brack's opinion does not end the case. Rather, this ruling will likely lead to the claim being dismissed in the coming weeks.
A request for comment from the Baca family attorneys has yet to be responded to.
As for Cosper, a spokesperson for the City of Las Cruces confirmed that Cosper has returned to "full duty" but would not specify what those duties entail. Before Cosper killed Baca, he was a member of the department's canine unit and a field trainer for new officers, according to an investigation by the Sun-News.
Justin Garcia covers public safety and local government in Las Cruces. He can be reached via email at JEGarcia@lcsun-news.com, via phone or text at 575-541-5449, or on Twitter @Just516Garc.
This article originally appeared on Las Cruces Sun-News: Judge finds Cosper's shooting of Amelia Baca constitutional
