The most important meeting yet for global pandemic response—and drugmakers

Nicole Hassoun, Kaushik Basu
·5 min read

Global health leaders are meeting today and tomorrow in Geneva to chart the future of pandemic response. Equity between nations must take top priority. As public health experts warned, unequal access to vaccines has led to the emergence of a new variant—Omicron, first identified in South Africa.

It has been almost two years since the COVID-19 pandemic began, and although more than 60% of people in rich countries have received a vaccine, only 3% of those in poor countries have done so—underscoring the dramatic disparity in global access to medicines between rich and poor nations.

Efforts to close this gap have been agonizingly slow. The international community is starting to invest in vaccine manufacturing sites in Africa that will one day produce hundreds of millions of vaccine doses a year. But it will take years to expand capacity significantly—even with large-scale, consistent international financing.

Global negotiations on a patent waiver for COVID-19 vaccines—an effort to give more drugmakers a road map for developing their own effective shots—have stalled. Global manufacturing capacity is in dire straits and distribution systems are woefully under-resourced for the kind of global vaccination campaigns needed to tackle the crisis.

U.S. President Joe Biden recently announced a new plan to expand U.S. vaccine manufacturing and create a billion doses a year for use overseas and domestically. This was urgently needed, but it plays to a charity narrative that is essentially dangerous and won’t make a dent in efforts to prevent the next pandemic or global health crisis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made it painfully obvious that our global health system is badly broken. It caters to the demands of profit-driven pharmaceutical companies and the buying power of rich consumers and rich nations, at the expense of much of the world.

But there is good news. World leaders are beginning to rethink the global health status quo in the face of pandemic threats, and this month we could see a glimmer of much needed transformation: the first etchings of a more equitable and resilient global health system. It’s an opportunity we can’t afford to bungle.

World Health Organization member states are gathering in Geneva for a special session of the World Health Assembly to debate the merits and hash out the framework for a treaty on pandemic preparedness and response—a global commitment designed to ensure more equitable access to new vaccines and technologies to defend against future pandemic threats.

We need this treaty. But to be truly effective, it must prioritize a critical ingredient: a regulatory framework that provides incentives for pharmaceutical companies to develop products with global health impacts, and at the same time discourages them from using the strategy of holding back wide distribution for the sake of their profits, as happens under the current system. There are many design details that will have to be worked out, but, minimally, such incentives must be tied to a requirement that drug companies vest knowledge, data, and intellectual property needed to make technologies within the WHO or another major global health organization. This will allow the organization to recoup investments in new innovations and ensure equitable access to resulting products.

Imagine this scenario: A newly discovered zoonotic disease spreads rampantly through poultry farms in rural Uganda, infecting an increasing number of humans along the way.

Under the terms of a new global treaty, any company producing a drug to tamp down this pandemic threat will be awarded $1 million dollars upfront. Should a product be used, the company will receive $10 per dose provided. The WHO would own the intellectual property in the product and could allow other companies to produce the medicine and buy it at cost. If the WHO charges those who provide drugs for rich countries market price for the medicine, they can recoup the R&D investment cost and support efforts to scale up manufacturing and distribution. Then, the WHO can ensure the medicine is widely available and equitably distribute it at low cost in poor countries. The basic principle is simple: If we pay for it, we should own it.

There is growing support within the global health community for this concept. “Global health cannot be left hostage to a pharmaceutical industry which buys up patents and develops them in the interest of making profits,” the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response—an independent body of world leaders and public health experts established by the WHO to review the international response to COVID-19—said in a recent report.

Back in March, 25 heads of government (including the leaders of the U.K., France, and Germany) and international agencies issued a joint call for a global treaty “rooted in the constitution of the World Health Organization,” to “effectively respond to pandemics in a highly coordinated fashion.”

Ultimately this idea’s success depends on the political will of world leaders. Only they have the power to reinstate the WHO as the world’s premier global health entity and foster global collaboration and equity in pandemic response.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, taxpayers in rich countries paid companies to develop vaccines, but these companies kept all the profits and did not provide equitable access to these essential health technologies.

We can save millions of lives and billions, if not trillions, of dollars by better preparing for and responding quickly to pandemics. Some estimate that the COVID-19 crisis cost the world $375 billion monthly and will cost $8.5 trillion over the next two years. Other models suggest that vaccine nationalism alone will cost the world $1.2 trillion. Future pandemics could be much worse.

Only by working together to implement better incentives for pharmaceutical innovation and invest in manufacturing and distribution capacity can we hope to adequately address and prevent future pandemics.

Nicole Hassoun is a professor at Binghamton University and the author of Global Health Impact: Extending Access to Essential Medicines. Kaushik Basu is a professor of economics and Carl Marks Professor of International Studies at Cornell University and a former chief economist of the World Bank.

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