How rain could decide the Senate and the fate of a Biden presidency

Which party will win the 2020 elections and what does that mean for America's future? Pundits are in overdrive trying to predict the possible outcomes of campaign strategies, policy platforms, advertising, the courts, voter suppression, and a host of other factors. But the reality is that fate might be out of the candidates', or anyone else's, hands.

Control of the United States Senate, and therefore the direction of a whole host of issues ranging from immigration reform to health care to the minimum wage, could come down to whether it rains on Election Day.

Research shows that bad weather can meaningfully reduce turnout on Election Eay. According to one famous study of presidential elections from 2007, "rain significantly reduces voter participation by a rate of just less than 1 percent per inch, while an inch of snowfall decreases turnout by almost .5 percent."

Normally, the partisan impact from this slight decrease is very modest and could only theoretically make a difference in extremely close races, but this year is truly unique. Between fears of contracting COVID-19 and President Donald Trump repeatedly making baseless claims about the legitimacy of vote by mail, there is for the first time a massive partisan divide in voting patterns. While in the past Democrats and Republicans tended to vote in person on Election Day, early in person, and by mail at similar rates, this year is completely different.

For example, in Arizona, the CBS/Yougov poll found just 7 percent of Democrats plan to vote in person on Election Day while that is how 32 percent of Republicans plan to vote. Similarly, in North Carolina, the New York Times/Siena poll found only 28 percent of Democrats are planning to vote in person on Election Day compared to 52 percent of Republicans. In Georgia, a Quinnipiac poll found a massive 14 percent to 44 percent partisan divide on in-person Election Day voting.

Bad weather on November 3, therefore, has the potential to noticeably hurt Republicans. While Joe Biden's polling lead is currently so large it is unlikely a weather-related shift in turnout will change the dynamics of the presidential race, it could decide control of the Senate. There are several Senate races — including Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Iowa, Michigan, and Montana — where at least one recent poll found the candidates separated by two points or less. In those races even a modest weather effect could make a deciding difference.

For example, in Georgia, if the partisan breakdown in expected Election Day voters holds true and total turnout is similar to 2016, a 2 percent across-the-board decrease in Election Day voting would cost Republicans a net of roughly 11,000 votes. That is about the size of the 10,033-vote margin which decided the critical 2018 Florida Senate race and the 11,576 vote margin in the 2012 Nevada Senate race, and it's much larger than the 312 votes that decided the 2008 Minnesota Senate race that gave Democrats a critical 60th seat in the Senate. For comparison, Georgia's 2018 gubernatorial race was decided by only 54,732 votes.

Weather on Election Day could be the difference between Democrats winning full control of the federal government or Biden needing to deal with a Republican Senate to do almost anything. That would likely crush any hope of Biden making good on promises ranging from massive new pandemic stimulus packages, to health care reform, to a minimum wage increase. Democrats have a decade-long backlog of plans and proposals which would mostly be scrapped if they fail to get the Senate.

Almost as important is the margin by which Democrats take the Senate. A Biden first term in which Democrats need Sen Joe Manchin (D-W.V.) to be the 50th vote on everything is going to be pretty limiting compared to one where the party needs to only convince one of several moderate Democrats to be the 50th vote.

If Joe Biden really wants to save the soul of America, he should start praying for rain.

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