Is 'Tornado Alley' shifting east?

On average, 1,200 tornadoes hit the United States each year, according to the Storm Prediction Center (SPC), and while twisters can happen at any time and in any state, the prevailing wisdom has held that most of the large twisters occur in Tornado Alley, an expansive area within the central U.S. designated by meteorologists in the mid-20th century. That definition may be changing.

The term Tornado Alley was coined in 1952 when two meteorologists studied severe weather in parts of Texas and Oklahoma. The research paper, titled "Tornado Alley," was published by two U.S. Air Force meteorologists -- Major Ernest J. Fawbush and Captain Robert C. Miller, who created the first tornado forecast in 1948.

Since then, the term has stuck around as a way to describe the area that encompasses parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and South Dakota, where it was believed tornadoes are the most frequent.

The area typically considered to be "Tornado Alley"

With powerful tornadoes decimating areas in the Midwest and the southeastern U.S. over the past 20 years, there now may be a reason to believe that Tornado Alley has shifted east.

"When you look at the trends in where tornadoes have occurred in recent years, it's very clear that there have been more tornadoes farther south and farther east away from what people have typically known as the Tornado Alley across the Plains," AccuWeather Chief Meteorologist Jonathan Porter explained.

A study conducted in 2018 and published in the journal Nature showed that the ingredients required to produce long-lived twisters were flourishing more in the Mississippi River valley in the last 20 years than parts of the original Tornado Alley.

Furthermore, the paper says, the number of days with meteorological conditions conducive to tornadoes has declined for parts of the original Tornado Alley, while the number of tornado days has increased significantly east of the Mississippi River.

AccuWeather's assessment of the change in tornado activity between 1980 and 2020.

"I believe it's physically real that we've seen this increase in the mid-South region in the last 40 years," said Dr. Harold Brooks, the senior research scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

In February 2022, another research paper concluded that large tornado outbreaks have shifted geographically when considering the years from 1989 to 2019 vs. 1950 to 1980. According to the study, "spatial analysis of [large tornado outbreaks] reveals that their nucleus has been shifting to the Southeast during the recent 31 years compared to the earlier records."

AccuWeather's analysis of this, and other research, shows the area of the most common tornado occurrence, i.e. Tornado Alley, has moved from the Plains to the Southeast and parts of the lower Mississippi River Valley over the last few decades. This shift is illustrated best when comparing the 35-year period of 1985-2019 to 1950-1984.

AccuWeather's assessment of the change in tornado activity between 1950-1984 and 1985-2019

AccuWeather Lead Long-Range Meteorologist Paul Pastelok attributed tornadoes becoming more frequent to the east of Tornado Alley due to the lack of moisture in the original Tornado Alley, which can be traced back to the 20-year mega-drought gripping much of the Southwest.

"You're going to see higher pressure aloft over the Southwest, and that will bring drier air into the Plains and force the storm track and the worst of the tornadoes to develop farther east into the Mississippi and Tennessee Valley," Pastelok explained. "You're going to need to break that drought to get more consistent action going on in Tornado Alley."

Along with the decreased amount of moisture across the Plains states, Porter noted, the warmer water in the Gulf of Mexico has increased the moisture in the atmosphere in the Mississippi and Tennessee river valleys.

"I think that's been a contributing factor as to why we're seeing a higher frequency of tornadoes farther east," Porter said.

Defining Tornado Alley over a longer period of time is not something all meteorologists agree on. AccuWeather asked Brooks where he thought the most tornadoes occur and he pointed to his research paper from 2000 showing how many "tornado days per century" a point on Earth might experience.

"What you see, whatever time period you look at, is sort of an L-shaped feature that goes through the Plains and pivots... into the Southeast." The highest concentration of tornadoes, he explained, shifts around in each 15-year period (as shown in the animation below), moving from Arkansas to Oklahoma, and back to Mississippi, but the overall coverage of tornadoes stays the same, and always has.

Days per century with an F2 or stronger tornado touching down within ~25 miles of a point from 1921 to 1995. (Concannon, Peggy & Brooks, Harold & Doswell III, Charles. (2000). Climatological risk of strong and violent tornadoes in the United States)

In the longer term, where exactly Tornado Alley actually lies remains up to meteorologists' interpretation.

"There are a lot of different ways to slice and dice the data," AccuWeather Meteorologist and Senior Weather Editor Jesse Ferrell says. "I think it's fair to replace the 'Ye Olde Tornado Alley' map with the combined areas shown on AccuWeather's 'Shift in Tornado Alley' map, which covers the entire period of record of consistent data, and is the most up to date. People just need to realize that tornadoes can occur outside of these areas, and although the area has shifted in the last 35 years from the Plains to the Southeast, it may shift again."

So where did that 'Ye Olde Tornado Alley' map, as Ferrell calls it, come from anyway? The map is still carried in the SPC's Tornado FAQ today, but the scientific data behind it is not what you think. It's a bit of a red herring in the discussion of where tornadoes occur.

Brooks says that he never thought the map in question was an accurate description of where the most tornadoes occur, but, rather, an area to show where tornado season is consistent from year to year, something that only happens in the Plains with the spring tornado season. Outside of that area, tornadoes can occur at different times of the year.

"People will [take] the [original Tornado Alley map] and then compare it to a figure which is the just occurrence [of tornadoes] and say that it's shifted when they are really comparing two different things," Brooks said in an interview with AccuWeather. "There are new data that we could add to [the original Tornado Alley map] and if we added to it, it wouldn't substantially change the figure at all."

Significant (EF2-EF5) tornado tracks in the U.S. between 1880 and 2019 (TornadoArchive.com)

Although there might not be meteorological consensus on a more modern definition of Tornado Alley, storm chasers have definitely noticed a shift in the pattern. They have had to change their game plans for pursuing twisters in recent years, and some fear that this might be a permanent change.

Chimera Comstock, a storm chaser who has been chasing storms for almost 20 years, told AccuWeather in an interview that the shift in Tornado Alley has made storm chasing more challenging and more dangerous.

Unlike the flat, open landscape and gridded road network in the Plains, forests and limited road options make storm chasing extremely difficult for Comstock and other chasers. She explained that instead of chasing the storm, she must now get into position ahead of the storm and hope the storm passes her location, potentially putting her or other chasers in immediate danger.

"In [the South], you really need to know and understand storms and how to read radar and have a somewhat working knowledge of the area to be able to be safe when you're chasing these twisters," Comstock said.

Brooks also noted the difficulty of collecting and communicating information on twisters in parts of the Southeast.

A tornado tore through a field between McCook and Culbertson, Nebraska Friday evening, May 17, 2019. (Twitter/@Sturms112010)

"There are a large fraction of tornadoes that occur after dark, with the addition of more trees, visibility is a lot worse, which makes collecting information about the tornadoes harder," Brooks said.

Brooks also noted that families and residents of the Southeast are more vulnerable to tornadoes because there is a higher level of poverty and more people that live in manufactured homes.

One thing almost everyone can agree on is that it will be important to define the region where the most tornadoes occur simply to keep people informed and safe. Having a higher amount of people living in the Southeast compared to parts of the Plains means that more people are now adversely affected by these violent storms.

"Rural population densities in Alabama are more than 10 people per [square kilometer]. In western Oklahoma, western Kansas, it's less than 1/10 of a person per [square kilometer]. So you can put a tornado over western Oklahoma for a considerable distance and basically hit nothing or very little. You cannot do that in the mid-South and Southeast, any tornado that is on the ground for more than a few miles will hit structures," Brooks said.

Understanding that tornadoes can strike anywhere, at any time is crucial. Porter points out that it is essential to have a plan in place in case a tornado strikes no matter where you live.

"It's important to understand about the tornado hazard that there is a risk anywhere in the U.S., and you have to have a simple plan about what you and your family or your business is going to do if you're immediately threatened by a tornado," Porter said. "Sometimes, you only have a matter of a couple of minutes to react, so I always tell people a little bit of planning goes a long way. Simply have a conversation with your family about where is the safest part of our house."

Additional reporting and analysis by Jesse Ferrell, Senior Weather Editor

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