White House to invest $5 billion in next-generation COVID vaccines. Here's why we need new ones.

The Biden administration has announced a $5 billion program to accelerate the development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines and treatments.

Like Operation Warp Speed, which developed and distributed vaccines in the early days of the pandemic, Project NextGen will cut across government agencies and involve public-private collaborations, a senior Biden official told USA TODAY.

Current vaccines, developed rapidly in the heat of the emergency, are "really good, but they're not great," said Michael Osterholm, an epidemiologist who worked with the administration to develop the new program. "There is a substantial amount of work (to be done) to take these good vaccines and hopefully achieve better vaccines."

Project NextGen, announced Monday, has three primary goals, which Osterholm and colleagues laid out in a "road map" in February: Develop a nasal vaccine to prevent infection as well as severe disease; develop longer-lasting vaccines; and create “broader” vaccines that protect against all variants and several coronaviruses.

The plan also includes funding to develop more durable monoclonal antibodies resistant to new variants, according to the administration. Antibodies were highly effective treatments earlier in the pandemic but have not been able to keep up with the virus as it evolved and are no longer available.

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The administration said the initial allocation of $5 billion for Project NextGen will be financed through money saved from contracts costing less than originally estimated. The investment was first reported Monday by The Washington Post.

Dr. Gregory Poland, director of the Mayo Clinic's Vaccine Research Group and who was involved in the earlier road map, said he and others have been advising the White House since last summer to launch something like Project NextGen.

The funding is a start, he said, "but much more will be needed to accomplish all three goals," he said. "The need, though, is urgent and now – something government generally doesn’t do well – hence the key will be prioritization and implementation."

Why do we need new coronavirus vaccines?

When today's vaccines were developed, speed was a priority along with safety and effectiveness. They were 95% effective at preventing all disease when first released in late 2020. But their effectiveness against mild disease in particular wanes over just a handful of months.

Protection also may not be as good as the virus evolves. The current bivalent booster is aimed at both the original virus and the BA.5 variant.

But SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is the third new coronavirus to pop up in the past two decades, after Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). If and when a fourth turns up, it would be great to already have a vaccine that could protect against it, said Osterholm, who directs the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota.

A nasal vaccine is the third item on the wish list. The idea is that by delivering a vaccine directly to the area where the virus enters the body, scientists could set up a barrier of protection to prevent even mild infections and transmission from one person to the next.

"I think an initiative like this is much needed and should have been put in place much sooner," said John Moore, an immunologist at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York.

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What happens next?

Reaching these goals probably will be more difficult than it sounds, Moore said.

"Anyone familiar with vaccine development knows that translation into a practical product is a much harder and more expensive process" than simply creating a basic vaccine, he said. "A lot of designs that look good in the early stages fizzle out because they cannot be manufactured efficiently under the conditions required for human trials."

Dr. Paul Offit, a pediatrician who directs the Vaccine Education Center at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, is skeptical any of the goals are realistic.

Researchers have been trying for more than 40 years to develop vaccines against multiple strains of flu and against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Both have proven elusive, he said, because the viruses mutate so much, as does SARS-CoV-2.

Meanwhile, nasal vaccines are still being tested in clinical trials, so it's not yet clear how effective they'll be against COVID-19. A nasal vaccine for the flu doesn't provide any more protection than a shot, Offit said, and it's most effective in children who have never been exposed to the flu virus. At this point, nearly every American has already been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19.

Moore agrees that developing a nasal vaccine should be a high priority, but "it’s seriously naive to believe that it will be easy to make one."

Offit worries that the emphasis on making COVID-19 vaccines better will undermine public trust in the ones we already have. He said that current vaccines have been "amazing" but that vaccines can do only so much.

What did Operation Warp Speed do?

Under the Trump administration, Operation Warp Speed spent about $30 billion beginning in March 2020 to develop, manufacture and distribute COVID-19 vaccines.

The federal government essentially placed bets on six drug companies, hoping at least a few of them would prove successful. Each received more than $1 billion (although Pfizer/BioNTech developed its vaccine without government support) with a promise of a guaranteed market if it succeeded.

►Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech developed, tested, passed regulatory hurdles and produced millions of doses of their mRNA vaccines in less than a year. Before then, the fastest vaccine had taken four years to bring to market.

►Johnson and Johnson also developed a vaccine based on a different technology. While effective, the vaccine led to a rare side effect and is no longer widely available in the United States.

►Novavax pursued a third type of vaccine technology and also has won emergency regulatory approval, though it is not widely available.

►The other two efforts, one by Sanofi and another by AstraZeneca, fell behind early and were not advanced beyond preliminary testing.

Dig Deeper

• Operation Warp Speed: Behind the historic effort is FDA's Peter Marks

• Race to vaccine: How a team developed a COVID vaccine in record time

• There are at least 500 coronaviruses. We must develop next-gen vaccines now

Contact Karen Weintraub at kweintraub@usatoday.com.

Health and patient safety coverage at USA TODAY is made possible in part by a grant from the Masimo Foundation for Ethics, Innovation and Competition in Healthcare. The Masimo Foundation does not provide editorial input.

This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: White House amps up COVID vaccine development with Project NextGen